Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla summarized the current progress on anti-inflammatory research of mangosteen extracts, compounds, and products Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla However, clinical trials focusing on anti-inflammatory effect of mangosteen are limited.
The evidence of health-promoting effectiveness of mangosteen is promising, which warrants our investigation on its long-term benefits in a clinical trial. In this study, we investigated the health effects of a functional beverage-containing mangosteen extract and other phytonutrients by measuring its impact on antioxidant status, inflammatory biomarker, and the immune responses in 60 health adults.
The aim of this work was to determine the health benefits, as well as safety for consumption of mangosteen-based beverage. Trolox 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromancarboxylic acid , and Fluorescein sodium were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich St. Scottsdale, AZ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 60 generally healthy subjects 30 females and 30 males. All subjects were screened by evaluation of a medical history and assessment of diet history and supplement history using a self-developed semiquantitative questionnaire.
Written informed consent was obtained from each volunteer participating in this study. Participants received a daily single dose mL of placebo fructose liquid or Verve energy drink mangosteen-based formula. The use of fructose was to mimic the taste of Verve with minimal interference with absorption and availability of vitamins and phytonutrients.
Participants fasted for 8 h before blood was drawn in the morning of day 1 and day Physical measurements including body weight, BMI, blood pressure, and heart rate were conducted at each visit. Fluorescein was used as a fluorescent probe, with loss of fluorescence indicating fluorescein damage from its reaction with peroxyl radicals.
Urine creatinine levels were measured using a commercial kit from Abcam Cambridge, MA. Student's t-test was employed to identify differences in means. As determined by Student's t test, anthropometric data were not significantly different between the mangosteen and the placebo groups and between before and after intervention.
The intervention study design included 60 participants selected and randomly assigned into the mangosteen and placebo groups. The rationale of using 60 participants is to overcome the individual variability during ingestion of mangosteen product, as large discrepancy was seen in absorption rate of xanthone in mangosteen juice Chitchumroonchokchai et al.
All participants but three in the mangosteen group and one in the placebo group completed the study. The experimental data are analyzed based on those of the completed participants. The P value was calculated by unpaired two-tailed t test and NS represents no significant difference detected. Xanthones are considered the major phytochemical compounds that have contributed to mangosteen's antioxidant capacity. Our recent studies have shown that xanthone-rich beverage effectively increased the peroxyl radical scavenging capacity ORAC of human plasma after a few hours of consumption Kondo et al.
The antioxidant status in the mangosteen group was significantly higher compared to the placebo group. The long-term increase in antioxidant level may be partly explained by the absorption and availability of bioactives from the beverage.
These bioactives include xanthones, the major class of antioxidant in the beverage, along with phytochemicals from green tea and aloe vera and vitamin C and E. Xanthones have been reported to reach the peak level in plasma from one hour to 6 hours after ingestion Kondo et al. In addition, xanthones and their metabolites were found to remain in plasma for as long as 24 h Chitchumroonchokchai et al.
The variability may be due to dosage, individual, and food matrix interaction. These bioactives may directly scavenge the free radicals in blood and attenuate the oxidative stress. In addition to the direct interaction with free radicals, more and more scientific evidence has suggested that phytochemicals, usually low at concentration in vivo, may operate by several mechanisms, such as elevation of the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, interaction with in vivo metabolites, resulting in synergistic effect, or activation of the nrf2 pathway Stevenson and Hurst ; Finley et al.
Plasma ORAC levels of mangosteen and placebo groups after intervention. TE stands for Trolox equivalents. P value is calculated from comparing the means of groups using student's t test. Inflammation is linked with infections, diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases Ridker et al.
While inflammation is an intricate network of reactions, the level of C-reactive protein CRP is considered one of the measures to provide an overall estimate of inflammatory status. Even within the normal range, CRP in blood has served as an indicator for risks of chronic diseases Ridker et al. The cohort study has suggested a lower level of CRP is associated with lower risk of colon cancer Goyal et al. CRP levels between the treatment and placebo group were not statistically significant on day 1.
CRP level in the mangosteen group was decreased significantly from 2. The decrease in CPR level found in this study is consistent with a previous in vivo study in which Udani et al. The stronger effect seen in the current study might result from the dosage and synergistic effect of mangosteen, green tea, aloe vera, and vitamins.
The significant decrease in CRP suggests that daily consumption of the mangosteen product might be able to lower the inflammatory status of healthy adults. Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations of mangosteen and placebo groups before and after intervention. The immunity markers were also evaluated in this study. Immunoglobulins Igs are antibodies to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses in the immune system.
IgA in the mangosteen group had an average level of 1. Similarly, no statistical difference was observed in IgG and IgM after 30 days' beverage consumptions. The range for IgG of mangosteen group was The average level for IgM of both groups after intervention was 1.
All antibodies tested were within the normal range, suggesting that the participants maintained a healthy state. Increased levels of Complement 3 C3 and C4 may be one of the signs for inflammation. C3 and C4 levels in pre and postintervention were within the normal range. No significant difference was seen in immunoglobulin and complement proteins between different groups and between before and after the day period, which indicates there is no adverse effect toward the immunity system after a day consumption of mangosteen-rich beverage.
Interleukin-1 IL-1 and IL-2 are two classes of cytokines activated by pathogenic infections. A wide range of botanicals were reported to have immunomodulatory effects Tan and Vanitha While the scientific name of the fruit is Garcinia mangostana , in a varied country like India, the much loved fruit is popular and consumed under the names of Mangustan Hindi , Kaattampi Malayalam , Kokam Marathi , Hannu Kannada and Kao Bengali.
The tropical fruit has won the fancy of many chefs and home cooks for its refreshingly tangy flavour, including that of Queen Victoria of Britain. Legend has it that Queen Victoria had kept a reward price of pounds sterling to whosoever would bring her the fresh purple mangosteen. On the other hand, the mangosteen fruit was banned by the U. Delicious, juicy and brimming with multiple health benefits, here's how this tropical fruit can help you - 1.
Source of Antioxidants Mangosteen is a rich source of antioxidants and vitamins. The special antioxidant found in abundance that gives the fruit a superior edge, is a class of naturally occurring polyphenol compounds known as Xanthones. Scientific research has shown that extracts of mangosteen have both anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory properties.
One study specifically showed that these extracts worked better at inhibiting pro-allergy prostaglandin than an anti-allergy drug used in Japan.
The extracts proved to be potent and successful inhibitors of the release of histamine and prostaglandin, which are both associated with inflammation in the human body as well as allergies. Research reveals that alpha- and gamma-mangostins are two specific bioactive substances of the fruit that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Is mangosteen good for diabetes? It can be a helpful way to prevent and keep diabetes under control because it helps maintain normal blood sugar levels.
It has been shown to act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor, which means that it inhibits enzymes that cause starches to break down into glucose.
A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry shows that the fruit contains compounds that are comparable to that of acarbose , a prescription drug used for type 2 diabetes symptoms. OPCs are naturally occurring plant metabolites that are widely available in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, flowers and bark.
In addition to being good for blood sugar, OPCs are primarily known for their antioxidant activity. Mangosteen has been shown to be an effective home remedy for acne. One study out of Thailand compared the fruit to other plants and determined that it possessed the most significant antioxidant activity and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, two factors that affect the growth of acne. Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana was not only highly effective at scavenging free radicals, but it was also able to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to acne formation.
Increased oxidative stress and a deficit in antioxidants are two factors that are believed to play a role in heart attack occurrence. Oxidative stress is essentially an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants.
A study conducted by the Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany at the University of Madras in India on animal subjects showed the cardioprotective effect of alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative from mangosteen. The fact that mangosteen is high in xanthones, which are extremely powerful antioxidants, may be helpful in reducing heart attack risk. Looking to fend off colds and flus or just generally boost your immune system? Then mangosteen is definitely a fruit to start eating.
Mangosteen nutrition is packed with xanthones, which support many of vital functions of the body, including immune health. Vitamin C benefits also have been shown to stimulate both the production and function of leukocytes, the white blood cells that protect the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
Another one of the major mangosteen benefits is its positive effect on the digestive system. As a high-fiber food , this fruit makes an excellent choice for digestive health. Consuming fresh mangosteen fruit can help ward off constipation and all of the digestive distress that goes along with this common health concern.
By consuming the fiber found in this tasty fruit, you also increase your intake of prebiotics , which help probiotics flourish inside your intestines.
Is mangosteen good for weight loss? Studies in recent years point toward the potential for mangosteen to help with weight loss efforts. A scientific review published in says that the fruit and its constituents may have the ability to aid in the prevention and treatment of obesity. A research study published in fed mice subjects a high fat diet along with a mangosteen supplement gained less weight compared to the control group.
Wondering how to open mangosteen and how to eat mangosteen? Simply score the outer rind with a serrated knife along the center line of the fruit, trying not to slice through to the pulp.
Next, twist off the top half and the edible sections of the fruit are ready for eating inside. Just be careful not to let any juice from the purple rind stain your clothes because it can be difficult to wash off.
You can eat the sections by themselves as a snack or you can add them to healthy recipes. Mangosteen is also readily available at health stores and online as a super fruit supplement in various forms, including mangosteen capsules and powder. In Southeast Asia, summer is mangosteen season.
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