This analysis confirmed the importance of previously known genes involved in LRP morphogenesis and allowed the identification of new gene regulatory network nodes that potentially participate in LRP morphogenesis Lavenus et al. Experimental validation of the identified genes will settle their particular roles in this process.
A transcriptomic approach was also used to identify new genes involved in LRP formation. This analysis revealed genes involved in ROS signaling, among others. Interestingly, nitroblue tetrazolium NBT staining, employed for the localization of superoxide, was detected in the central domain, but staining was absent or much lower in the flanking LRP domains Manzano et al. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that ROS promote progression of LRP formation and that redox state is important for LRP morphogenesis, even though it is not known which specific morphogenetic processes are involved.
Overall, transcriptomic approaches permit efficient identification of many new players involved in LRP formation and further studies should clarify their roles. A better understanding of LRP morphogenesis is important for both basic and applied science.
Correct root primordium morphogenesis is the foundation of a healthy root system and appropriate root architecture. This disease is induced by the beet necrotic yellow vein virus BNYVV and causes supernumerary LR formation on the taproot, leading to a dramatic decrease of root mass and yield.
Here we outlined the main components of LRP morphogenesis in angiosperms. Each facet of LRP morphogenesis reflected in the respective sections of this review outlines specific open questions. Most data on the genetic control of LRP morphogenesis are available for Arabidopsis and can be used for comparative studies in angiosperms.
Further understanding of LRP morphogenesis in crop species is needed to modulate or adjust root system architecture to specific growth conditions. The main tendencies, important for further research in this field, are related to the development of new technologies that could be used to address the open questions.
These tendencies are as follows:. Deciphering cell division patterns and developmental rules involved in morphogenesis Yoshida et al. Further studies of gene regulatory networks at the single cell level and implementation of plant systems biology approaches Libault et al.
The role of mechanical forces during LRP morphogenesis was recognized in early studies, but only recently did their roles in both LR initiation Vermeer et al. Models of auxin transport coupled to mechanical forces provide explanations for the robust morphogenesis observed in the Arabidopsis root Romero-Arias et al. Developing new biophysical methods to monitor the mechanical properties of live cells e.
LRP formation is closely linked to external and internal mechanical forces and the cytoskeleton Eng and Sampathkumar, , but it is unclear how the mechanical forces contribute to LRP morphogenesis. Understanding the relationships between different facets of LRP morphogenesis e. Integration of different approaches from genomics and molecular to cell biology and anatomy could help reveal evo—devo relationships in LRP morphogenesis of angiosperms.
Here we reviewed the main aspects of LRP morphogenesis that have been under investigation for more than a century. Not all available information was discussed; for instance, we did not include the role of environmental factors and mineral nutrition. We hope that the historical perspective combined here with our overview of contemporary studies of LRP morphogenesis highlights key questions that will guide future research aimed at elucidating the morphogenetic processes that take place during LRP development.
Such research would yield important insights into root biology and evolution, providing a framework to modulate root system architecture, root production and root adaptation to the environment in crop species.
HT-M and JD conceived the idea and designed the outlines of this review article. SS and JD conceptualized the content. HT-M and JD wrote the article. GR-A performed phylogenetic and gene regulatory network analyses. All authors participated in the editorial improvement of the text and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Instituto de Biotecnologia and S. Ainsworth for logistic help. We also thank K. Farquharson for editing the English text. We apologize to all those authors whose work was not cited due to time and space constraints. Atkinson, J. Branching out in roots: uncovering form, function and regulation.
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What root tissue is responsible for producing lateral roots? Do roots have lateral meristems? They produce secondary tissues from a ring of vascular cambium in stems and roots. What are the two lateral meristems? Apical meristems allow the plant to grow up and down, and lateral meristem allows the plant to grow out, or laterally. There are two types of lateral meristem, the cork cambium and the vascular cambium. Where are lateral meristems located? Lateral Meristems — The lateral meristems are present on the lateral side of the stem and root of a plant.
These meristems help in increasing the thickness of the plants. The vascular cambium and the cork cambium are good examples of a lateral meristematic tissue. What are the 3 types of meristems? There are three types of meristematic tissues: apical at the tips , intercalary in the middle and lateral at the sides.
At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. What is lateral meristematic tissue? Definition of lateral meristem. Who is the most socially powerful person in the play?
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