Prior to Pearl Harbor, the United States had been involved in the European war only, by supplying England and other anti-fascist countries of Europe with munitions. The attack on Pearl Harbor also launched a rash of fear about national security, especially on the West Coast. In February , just two months later, President Roosevelt, as commander-in-chief, issued Executive Order that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans. The order authorized the Secretary of War and military commanders to evacuate all persons deemed a threat from the West Coast to internment camps, that the government called "relocation centers," further inland.
Read more Links go to DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives. It highlights the th Infantry Battalion, composed largely of Japanese-Americans. Following the attack at Pearl Harbor, government suspicion arose not only around aliens who came from enemy nations, but around all persons of Japanese descent, whether foreign born issei or American citizens nisei.
During congressional committee hearings, representatives of the Department of Justice raised logistical, constitutional, and ethical objections. Regardless, the task was turned over to the U. Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London Love them or hate them, there's no denying their growing numbers have added an explosion of color to the city's streets.
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During World War II, 4-H members contributed to the war effort in many ways—through military service, as well as efforts on the home front.
But its passage did not happen overnight. Robert Riskin, head of the Bureau of Motion Pictures, was responsible for creating Projections of America , a documentary film series that became one of the most important propaganda initiatives of World War II.
Japanese American Incarceration. Like this article? Read more in our online classroom. Home Front. From the Collection to the Classroom. Article Type. Scientists became political activists in the debate over control of atomic energy. One housed a naval ship model factory. There were also factories in different Relocation Centers that manufactured items for use in other prison camps, including garments, mattresses and cabinets.
Several housed agricultural processing plants. Violence occasionally occurred in the prison camps. In Lordsburg, New Mexico , prisoners were delivered by trains and forced to march two miles at night to the camp.
On July 27, , during a night march, two Japanese Americans, Toshio Kobata and Hirota Isomura, were shot and killed by a sentry who claimed they were attempting to escape. Japanese Americans testified later that the two elderly men were disabled and had been struggling during the march to Lordsburg. The sentry was found not guilty by the army court martial board. On August 4, , a riot broke out in the Santa Anita Assembly Center, the result of anger about insufficient rations and overcrowding.
JACL members were believed to be supporters of the prison camp's administration. Fearing a riot, police tear-gassed crowds that had gathered at the police station to demand the release of Harry Ueno. Ueno had been arrested for allegedly assaulting Tayama. James Ito was killed instantly and several others were wounded. Among those injured was Jim Kanegawa, 21, who died of complications five days later.
At the Topaz Relocation Center , year-old prisoner James Hatsuki Wakasa was shot and killed by military police after walking near the perimeter fence. Two months later, a couple was shot at for strolling near the fence. In October , the Army deployed tanks and soldiers to Tule Lake Segregation Center in northern California to crack down on protests. Japanese American prisoners at Tule Lake had been striking over food shortages and unsafe conditions that had led to an accidental death in October At the same camp, on May 24, , James Okamoto, a year-old prisoner who drove a construction truck, was shot and killed by a guard.
In , year-old Japanese-American Fred Korematsu was arrested for refusing to relocate to a Japanese prison camp. His case made it all the way to the Supreme Court, where his attorneys argued in Korematsu v. Korematsu lost the case, but he went on to become a civil rights activist and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in But it took another Supreme Court decision to halt the incarceration of Japanese Americans.
The case was brought on behalf of Mitsuye Endo, the daughter of Japanese immigrants from Sacramento, California. After filing a habeas corpus petition, the government offered to free her, but Endo refused, wanting her case to address the entire issue of Japanese incarceration. One year later, the Supreme Court made the decision, but gave President Truman the chance to begin camp closures before the announcement.
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